Understanding the Impact: Insect Pests of Millets and their Consequences on Yield Loss

Millets, crucial cereal crops in many regions, face significant threats from various insect pests, leading to substantial yield losses. Insect pests such as stem borers, leaf folders, aphids, midges, bugs, caterpillars, and termites inflict damage at different growth stages of millet plants. Stem borers like Chilo partellus and Sesamia inferens bore into stems, impairing structural integrity, while leaf folders such as Cnaphalocrocis medinalis create folded leaf shelters for feeding, causing extensive tissue damage. Aphids such as Rhopalosiphum maidis and shoot bugs like Peregrinus maidis extract sap, resulting in wilting and stunting of plants. Millet midges like Geromyia penniseti and Stenodiplosis sorghicola target reproductive structures, leading to grain abortion and reduced yield. Earhead pests like Cryptoblabes gnidiella and Helicoverpa armigera feed on developing grains, causing significant losses in quality and quantity. Additionally, termites like Odontotermes spp. and Microtermes spp. damage roots and stems, disrupting nutrient and water uptake causing plant death. Understanding the biology and ecology and implementing appropriate pest management strategies are crucial for mitigating yield losses and ensuring millet production sustainability.