A Review of Long-Term Effects of Mineral Fertilizers on Soil Microorganisms

The intricate relationship between soil microbiomes and fertilizers is central to the sustainable future of agriculture. This review delves deep into the multifaceted interactions between soil microorganisms and varying fertilizer regimens, shedding light on their immediate and long-term impacts. Soil, teeming with a rich diversity of bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses, plays a pivotal role in agricultural productivity. These microbial communities are intricately linked to soil health, fertility, and resilience. Fertilizers, while essential for enhancing crop yields, have shown varied impacts on these microbial communities. Immediate post-application dynamics reveal shifts in microbial diversity and abundance, with potential cascading effects on soil processes. Longitudinal studies in real-world agricultural settings underscore the resilience and adaptability of these communities in the face of disturbances. Advanced technological tools, from metagenomics to IoT devices, offer unprecedented insights and real-time monitoring capabilities. The convergence of biology with technology holds the promise of a future where agricultural practices are fine-tuned based on real-time microbial feedback, ensuring both enhanced yields and sustained soil health. As we stand at the crossroads of a global food demand surge and environmental sustainability, understanding and harnessing the potential of soil microbiomes becomes paramount. This review underscores the need for robust, long-term research endeavors to chart a path for truly sustainable agriculture.