Comparative Evaluation of Glycemic and Glycation Markers in Type I, Type II, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Choba, Rivers State

Diabetes Mellitus is a leading global cause of death, highlighting the need for accurate diagnostic and management markers. This study aimed to assess various diabetes indicators and glycation markers related to glycemic status. Conducted in Rivers State (Choba), the study included 90 participants diagnosed with Gestational, Type I, and Type II diabetes, with 30 individuals in each group. Blood samples were collected after fasting to measure Insulin (INS), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Glycated Hemoglobin (A1c), Glycated Albumin (GA), Fructosamine (FA), and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG). Results showed no significant differences in FBG levels across the groups (F-value = 2.14, P = 0.12). However, INS levels were significantly higher in all groups (F-value = 16.1, P < 0.05). Other markers, including FA, GA, A1c, and 1,5-AG, did not differ significantly between the groups. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between A1c, GA, and FA with FBG. Notably, the correlation between FBG and A1c was strongest in Type II (r² = 0.99) and Gestational diabetes (r² = 0.99), while it was weaker in Type I (r² = 0.56). Overall, A1c emerged as the most reliable marker of glycemic status, providing valuable insights for the diagnosis and management of diabetes. HbA1c remains the gold standard for long-term glycemic control, alternative biomarkers such as fructosamine, GA, and 1,5-AG are gaining recognition for their clinical utility in managing diabetes.